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The frontal area of the vehicle is often given by the manufacturer or it can be approximated using a reference grid as in the picture below. The aerodynamic drag force is also influenced by the maximum frontal area of the vehicle A. A relationship between the Reynolds and Galileo numbers. But the net force is acting downward, which is much greater than the drag force. The magnitude of drag force due to terminal velocity is given by. Dmg/v terminal How to calculate drag coefficient in cfdor accurate estimation of drag coefficient, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is widely used. These parts disrupt the streamline shape of the vehicle and increase its drag coefficient.įrom we can list the drag coefficient for some common vehicles: Vehicle The coefficient of resistance was found to increase for aspect ratios decreasing below 1:1 and again for aspect ratios increasing above 4:1. Where CD is the drag coefficient, and v is the terminal velocity. It suggests that the drag coefficient of the first wing (CD,1) can be calculated by adding a term to the drag coefficient of the second wing (CD,2), where the added term is influenced by the difference in aspect ratios and the lift coefficient squared. The drag coefficient depends on the body type of the vehicle and on the parts of the vehicle mounted on the exterior surfaces, like: roof rack, mud flaps, rear spoiler, side mirrors, radio antenna and windshield wipers. The below equation represents a way to compare the drag characteristics of two wings with different aspect ratios and lift coefficients. Due to the air friction, the water drop is forced to take the shape which has lowest resistance in contact with the air, hence it has the lowest drag coefficient. The optimal aerodynamic shape, which has the lower drag coefficient is the shape of a water drop (Cd = 0.04). In a controlled environment (wind tunnel) we can set the velocity, density, and area and measure the drag produced. This equation gives us a way to determine a value for the drag coefficient. The lower the drag coefficient, the lower the aerodynamic drag force of the vehicle, the higher the energy efficiency. Cd D / (q A) The drag coefficient then expresses the ratio of the drag force to the force produced by the dynamic pressure times the area. AR: This refers to the Aspect Ratio of the wing, which is the ratio of the wingspan to the average chord length. : This is the mathematical constant pi (approximately 3.14159). Image: Aerodynamic drag coefficient for different shapes e 1 / ( AR CDi) e: This represents the Oswald Efficiency Factor, which is a dimensionless parameter indicating the wing’s efficiency in reducing induced drag.